Harvard citation style is also known as the author-date referencing style. This guide will show you illustrations of common Harvard citations, guides for extensive needs for Harvard citation and some recommendations on how to manage citations in general.
Do take note that there is some slight variability amongst Harvard citations, such as in the dates and authors field. Check with your professor, lecturer or publisher to clarify which Harvard citation format to use.
There are three parts to citation:
Harvard citation style is used typically in Social Sciences, Medical Sciences, Natural Sciences and Humanities. If you are not sure whether to use Harvard citation or other citation systems, please check with your lecturer or professor.
The Harvard style guides/manuals below provide instructions and examples of how to create footnotes and bibliographies in research papers. Some include advice on grammar and punctuation, research methods, and guidelines on formatting the final paper.
Cite Them Right by 1 author/editor/translator: In many cases, enterprises fail to understand how the impact of the crisis may affect… (Jackson 2000). Information prominent method. In many cases, Jackson (2000, 67-68) asserts how enterprises fail to understand the severity of the impact… Author prominent method.
2 to 3 authors/editors/translators: State intervention is necessary when… (Sandman & Krieg 2011, p. 94).
More than 3 authors/editors/translators: Marcus et al. (2012) raised a concern over the dwindling production numbers in....
The discovery has led to contention between … (Quah et al. 1993).
No author: Carbon footprints have … (Environmental Rues 2016).
Organisation as author: Population growth is forecasted to rise at an exponential… (Economic Agency 2010).
Direct quotes: ‘Buy-ins from government agencies is a leading factor in... ‘(Bridgehorn 1999, p. 22).
Multiple sources from 1 author in single year
It is suggested that… (White 2011a).
According to White (2011b), ….
Multiple sources within same parentheses: Building a foster family would … (Chan 2014; Agatha & Miller 2003; Frederick 2001).
Secondary citations (citing a source given by the reference): It is undesirable that… (Tan 1985).
Tan 1985 is a source cited by the reference source (Knight 2002). Only (Knight 2002) needs to be listed in the reference list or bibliography.
Personal communication (do not need to be cited in reference list or bibliography) - e.g. interviews, phone, email:
Mdm Sue Rabath (Dignity Agency CEO) had commented that….
My interviewee Rebecca Wong was willing to … (ABC Interview 2008 pers. comm., 19 July).
Tables and charts, websites: Sullivan 2006, p. 79
Books/e-books:
Format with usual citation fields:
<Author(s)> <Date>, <Title>, <Publisher>, <Country/State>.
Format with possible citation fields:
<Author(s)> <Date>, <Chapter, in Name>, <Title>, <Volume(s)>, <Translated/Compiled/Revised by>, <Edition>, <Publisher>,
<Date of access>, <Country/State>, <URL>.
The following table explains each possible field needed for a book citation in the order of its appearance in the citation.
| Field | Details and examples |
| <Author(s)> |
1 author: Thomas Schiller: Schiller T Ong Wan Wei: Ong WW 2 authors: Schiller T & Ong WW More than 2 authors: list all authors: Schiller T, Ong WW, Tan CK & Jones R If author is editor: Schiller T (ed.) Schiller T (editor) |
| <Date> |
Date available: 2011 Date approximated: c. 2011 Date unavailable: n.d. 2 sources for the same author in the same year: 2011a 2011b |
|
<Chapter, in Name> Optional |
Use single quotation marks. When referring to a chapter authored by Ong WW in a book edited by Schiller T: 'Book Chapter', in Schiller T (ed.) |
| <Title> |
Title should be italicised. Advanced Macroeconomics |
|
<Volume(s)> Optional |
vol. 1 volume 1 vols. 1 & 2 volumes 1 & 2 |
|
<Translated/Compiled/Revised by> Optional |
Translated by: trans. T Schiller Compiled by: comp. WW Ong Revised by: rev. T Schiller |
|
<Edition> Optional |
2nd edition second edition 2nd ed. second ed. |
| <Publisher> |
Pearson |
| <Country/State> |
Singapore Java Tokyo New York, NY Los Angeles, CA |
|
<Date of access> Only for online resources. |
viewed 11 January 2010 |
|
<URL> Only for online resources. |
http://www.google.com |
Example:
Description of book to be cited
"A chapter titled 'Raising weeds and worms in farms' authored by A Richmond, QT Anderson and S Dahlia in approximately 2011, from the third edition multi-volume book series titled Modern Agriculture with volumes 1 and 2, edited by WG Ong, translated by HA Lim, and published in Java, Indonesia by Raving Publishing House".
Citation of the book:
Richmond A, Anderson QT & Dahlia S c. 2011, ‘Raising farms’ in Ong WG (ed.), Modern Agriculture, vols. 1 & 2, trans. HA Lim,
3rd edn., Raving Publishing House, Java, Indonesia.
Journals
Format with usual citation fields:
<Author(s)> <Date>, <'Title of article'>, <Full title of journal>, <Volume number>, <Page number>.
Format with possible citation fields:
<Author(s)> <Date>, <'Title of article'>, <Full title of journal>, <Volume number>, <Issue number>, <Page number>, <Date of access>, <Online source>.
The following table explains each possible field needed for a book citation in the order of its appearance in the citation.
| Field | Details and examples |
| <Author(s)> |
1 author: Thomas Schiller: Schiller T Ong Wan Wei: Ong WW 2 authors: Schiller T & Ong WW More than 2 authors: list all authors: Schiller T, Ong WW, Tan CK & Jones R If author is editor: Schiller T (ed.) Schiller T (editor) |
| <Date> |
Date available: 2011 Date approximated: c. 2011 Date unavailable: n.d. 2 sources for the same author in the same year: 2011a 2011b |
| <'Title of article'> |
Use single quotation marks. No need to capitalise the first alphabet of every word except names. 'Growth and deterrence' 'How millennials make sense of changes in demography and society: an Asian perspective' |
|
<Review of book> Optional |
Book title is italicised. No need to capitalise the first alphabet of every word except names. review of Nature laws and governance, by WW Ong |
| <Full title of journal> |
Italicised. The Economist Weather Climate and Society Aera Open |
| <Volume number> |
volume 11 vol. 11 |
|
<Issue number> |
If pagination is continuous in the journal volume, issue number need not be specified. Example of continuous pagination in volume: Volume 1, issue #1: page 1 - 41 Volume 1, issue #2: page 42 - 77 Volume 1, issue #3: page 78 - 103 Volume 2, issue #1: page 1 - 38 Issue number can be cited in various ways: number 2 no. 2 Spring Issue 30 May 40(2) *where it means volume 40 issue 2 |
| <Page number> |
p. 51 pp. 20-33 114-135 |
|
<Date of access> Only for online resources. |
viewed 11 January 2010 |
|
<Online source> Only for online resources. |
Online journal or magazine URL: http://www.onlinejournal.com Database: Factiva database |
Example:
Description of article to be cited
A review article titled 'The way of the learnt, the aged' authored by C Dietrich in 2015 on a book titled Learning from experiences by T Schiller. published in ABC Journal's volume 6, pages 161 to 177, where review article was retrieved on 13 March 2016 from XYZ database.
Citation of the article:
Dietrich, C 2015, ‘The way of the learnt', the aged, review of Learning from experiences, by T Schiller, ABC Journal, vol. 6, pp. 161–177, viewed 13 March 2016, XYZ database.